Among the enzymes of interest in intestinal tissues is cytochrome P450 1A1, an enzyme known to activate chemical carcinogens. A self-administered FFQ was used to assess maternal diet at 32 wk of gestation. Using modern analytical techniques, a comprehensive study of the chemical composition of fruits from apple cultivars grown in Western Norway during 2019 and 2020 was done. A variety of in vitro systems have been used to test AP extracts for potential antioxidant capacity and the results of these studies have been variable. High resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion. Hamsters were provided with apples to approximate human intake of 600 g/d (~2.5 large apples) or 500 mL of juice/d. Other authors have described cell signaling and molecular mechanisms that respond to AP exposure. There was a significant reduction of preneoplastic lesions in the animals exposed to the apple phytochemicals, including 50% fewer aberrant crypts. The only ingredients that are supposed to be in an apple are sunlight, natural goodness, health, positivity, happiness, and a little bit of love. Anti-vaxxer vs. chemical composition of an apple Plasma levels of HDL cholesterol increased and liver TG content decreased, although plasma TG levels were somewhat higher. It was found that apple juice from concentrate was significantly and dose-dependently associated with reduced wheeze (juice ranging from 1 serving/mo to 1 serving/d) but not with reduced presence of asthma. I thank Sue Taylor and Stacie Haaga for their helpful discussion and review. Apples | The Nutrition Source | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health High resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion. Oxidant stress also activates inflammatory mediators that induce asthma in experimental models and appears to be important in the etiology of asthma in humans (51). 3 comments. Exploring the chemical composition and coloring qualities of cacao Subsequent tests were conducted to determine if apple extracts (peel and flesh) and selected phytochemicals could attenuate this activation. There are several thousand phytochemicals present in whole foods and there is still limited characterization of the bioavailability and metabolism of these compounds in AP. All those chemicals are because of GMOs the scientists inject into our apple trees. Incubating SW620 cells with an apple extract selected for procyanidins (mainly polymeric molecules) resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell growth. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Although further work is needed to extrapolate these findings to clinical outcomes, it is promising that there are multiple plausible mechanisms by which AP intake might reduce the risk of cancer in humans. However, detailed analysis of the nutrient content and antioxidant properties of the seeds and pulp has not yet been reported. The upregulation of these enzymes suggests that regular apple consumption might promote a favorable milieu to reduce oxidation. Chemical Composition and Health Attributes of Agri-Foods: A Scientific Anywhoo . The relevance of this study relates to the reduced ability of larger molecules in polymeric form to be absorbed in the upper segment of the intestine, resulting in a higher residual concentration in the colon. Add a Comment. Studies are presented below, grouped by disease states and/or disease processes when applicable. Feeding trials are important in illustrating in vivo effects of AP and there are convincing data that AP intake is associated with improved antioxidant capacity in plasma and other tissues. Apple Waste: A Sustainable Source of Carbon Materials and Valuable A series of recent studies from the laboratory of Shea et al. An extract isolated from a mixture of 4 apple varieties was incubated for 24 h with cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells to test the effect of AP on NF-B response to TNF stimulation. Lichtenthaler et al. Several studies, summarized below, have attempted to elucidate specific antioxidant components in AP using in vitro assays. Thirteen pure compounds were identified as triterpenoids and tested for antiproliferative activity against human liver cancer cells (HepG2), as well as human breast cancer and colon cancer cells (MCF-7 and Caco-2, respectively). Ongoing research is providing more detailed data on specific components and/or combinations of components in AP that might be protective. The men were fed a restrictive, antioxidant-poor diet for 48 h followed by the apple challenge. In a cross-over study, 15 healthy female participants 1950 y (mean 24.6 y) old each consumed a 500-kcal test meal on 3 different occasions consisting of either fresh peeled apples, unsweetened canned apple sauce, or candy. aluminum oxide, a white powder that contains a 2:3 ratio of aluminum and oxygen atoms. Flow cytometry demonstrated that the apple extract increased the number of apoptotic cells and also appeared to interfere with the cell cycle. The composition of cider as determined by dominant fermentation with pure yeasts : Alwood, William Bradford, 1859-1946 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive The chemical composition of apples and cider. Recent work in humans has moved toward a greater emphasis on examining mechanisms and biomarkers related to cardiovascular risk, in particular, oxidation and lipid metabolism. This group developed a standardized mouse model of neurodegeneration in which aged mice exhibit impaired cognitive performance and increased oxidative parameters in brain tissue when subjected to a prooxidant diet (deficient in vitamin E and folate; high in iron). In a follow-up to the above study to examine mechanisms, it was found that apple procyanidins have a dual effect of downregulating polyamine biosynthesis concurrent with stimulating the catabolism or breakdown of these compounds (22). A great deal of work has focused on dietary polyphenols, particularly the most abundant subclasses, including flavonoids (60% of all polyphenols) and phenolic acids (30% of total polyphenols) (2). An extensive analysis of phytochemical metabolites in apple was reported by Cefarelli et al. There is clearly a need for controlled clinical intervention studies using AP to further examine the potential association between AP and asthma. It is speculated that environmental and lifestyle factors, such as reduced intake of dietary antioxidants, are contributing to the rise (51). These data support prior observations that complete mixtures of phytochemicals in AP are more effective than individual components tested alone. Very preliminary in vitro evidence indicates that compounds from AP could be protective against gastric ulcer. Feeding the extract to rats for 3 wk resulted in significant dose-dependent reductions in several markers of lipid metabolism including reduced lipoperoxides (measured by TBARS) in serum and liver, lowered SOD activity in RBC, lower hepatic 6 desaturase activity, altered fecal excretion patterns, and reduced levels of oxidized cholesterol products in serum and liver. Many investigations have assessed the potential antioxidant effects of AP. The authors provided a detailed analysis of the association between compound structure and related antioxidant potential using TBARS, autooxidation of methyl linoleate, and scavenging of radicals including 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate, H2O2, and NO. Review of 93 intervention studies. It is thought that lungs are particularly susceptible to oxidative damage due to high and continual exposure to oxygen. Apple intake also reduced DNA damage in mononuclear blood cells, an effect the investigators proposed was likely mediated by antioxidant mechanisms. The longer exposure time suggests that apple extracts target signaling elements upstream of PKC and not PKC specifically. It is not known whether this is important under physiologic conditions, but it is an interesting mechanism by which AP might be related to glucose control in diabetes. Investigators in the laboratory of Shaheen et al. A Systematically Searched Scoping Review and Research Perspective, COP27 Climate Change Conference: Urgent Action Needed for Africa and the World: : Wealthy nations must step up support for Africa and vulnerable countries in addressing past, present and future impacts of climate change, Flavan-3-ols and Cardiometabolic Health: First Ever Dietary Bioactive Guideline, Nutrition, Immunosenescence, and Infectious Disease: An Overview of the Scientific Evidence on Micronutrients and on Modulation of the Gut Microbiota, High Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet is Associated with Higher Physical Fitness in Adults: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Gastrointestinal protection from drug injury, http://www.yvgsa.com/pdf/facts/USApple2010ProductionAnalysis.pdf, http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/bonehealth/, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, A Review and Critical Analysis of the Scientific Literature Related to 100% Fruit Juice and Human Health, Perspective: The Paradox in Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products ResearchThe Source of the Serum and Urinary Advanced Glycation End Products Is the Intestines, Not the Food, Contribution of Biotransformations Carried Out by the Microbiota, Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes, and Transport Proteins to the Biological Activities of Phytochemicals Found in the Diet, The Effects of Blueberry Phytochemicals on Cell Models of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Chemical Properties of Anthocyanins in Black Foods The basic C6-C3-C6 anthocyanin structure is the combination of anthocyanidins (aglycones) linking with sugars, which can be separated into anthocyanidin sugar-free aglycones and anthocyanin glycosides depending on structure [10]. Apple feeding significantly reduced the concentration of the oxidative marker MDA in urine to levels lower than those in healthy control animals. (27) treated rats with a carcinogenic agent (7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene) to induce mammary tumors and then fed extracts of whole apples by gavage to the animals. Tumor size as a significant prognostic factor in T1 gastric cancer: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database analysis. The fraction highest in catechin also protected cells from oxidative damage in a dose-dependent manner with a maximal protective effect at 3 h. The protective effect was associated with a corresponding increase in antioxidant activity and reduced lipid peroxidation per measurement of MDA. Although apples and citrus were collectively associated with reduced risk of diagnosed asthma, adjustment for citrus eliminated the significance of the effect of apples. Chemical compositional characterization of some apple cultivars These compounds are small, with molecular weights less than 300 Daltons, and are readily dispersed in the air due to their high vapor pressure. The highest quartile of intake was > 47 g of apple/d, which approximates one-third of a medium-sized apple. Population-based case-control study, Maternal food consumption during pregnancy and asthma, respiratory and atopic symptoms in 5-year-old children, Diet and asthma in Dutch school children (ISAAC-2), Dietary antioxidants and asthma in adults, Apple juice concentrate prevents oxidative damage and impaired maze performance in aged mice, Apple juice prevents oxidative stress and impaired cognitive performance caused by genetic and dietary deficiencies in mice, Dietary supplementation with apple juice concentrate alleviates the compensatory increase in glutathione synthase transcription and activity that accompanies dietary- and genetically-induced oxidative stress, Apple juice concentrate maintains acetylcholine levels following dietary compromise, Supplementation with apple juice attenutates presenilin-1 overexpression during dietary and genetically-induced oxidative stress, Dietary supplementation with apple juice decreases endogenous amyloid-beta levels in murine brain, Folate deprivation increases presenilin expression, gamma-secretase activity and A-beta levels in murine brain: potentiation by ApoE deficiency and alleviation by dietary S-adenosyl methionine, Annurca apple-rich diet restores long-term potentiation and induces behaviorial modifications in aged rats, Associations of dietary flavonoids with risk of type 2 diabetes, and markers of insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in women: a prospective and cross-sectional analysis, Possible role for apple juice phenolic compounds in the acute modification of glucose tolerance and gastrointestinal hormone secretion in humans, Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of cider dihyrochalcones in healthy humans and subjects with an ileostomy, Weight loss associated with a daily intake of three apples or three pears among overweight women, Bone health and osteoporosis: a report of the surgeon general, Fruit and vegetable intakes and bone mineral status: a cross-sectional study in 5 age and sex cohorts, Effect of fruit on net acid and urinary calcium excretion in an acute feeding trial of women, Prevention of bone loss by phloridzin, an apple polyphenol, in ovariectomized rats under inflammation conditions, Apple phenol extracts prevent damage to human gastric epithelial cells in vitro and to rat gastric mucosa in vivo, Biological activity of carotenoids in red paprika, Valencia orange and Golden delicious apple. The potential of AP phytochemicals to reduce disease risk and improve health has caught the attention of scientists, practitioners, and the lay public. A detailed report of apple phytochemicals and their health benefits was published by Boyer and Liu (1) in 2004. Apples are generally thought of as being a good source of fiber. A laboratory Experiment was carried out to determine the physic-chemical composition of Red Delicious and Amri apple varieties under fresh and stored condition, which were determined on October 30, November 30, and December 30. The chemical structures of several representative polyphenols present in AP are shown in Fig. I. However, no varietal differences were observed in the chemical or microscopic analysis of cloud material. The fermentation products of the apple juice extract in combination with pectin included acetate, propionate, and butyrate, the latter of which was most significantly correlated with histone deacylation inhibition. A case-control study from the UK also did not show a protective effect of apples on risk of developing asthma (58). Anti-vaxxer vs. chemical composition of an apple : r - Reddit In the United States, twenty-two percent of the phenolics consumed from fruits are from apples making them the largest source of phenolics [13]. Every triterpenoid significantly suppressed cancer cell proliferation; some were highly potent and reduced cell growth by 50% at relatively low concentrations (~1017 mol/L). Carotenoid extracts from apple peel were effective against H. pylori in an in vitro medium (76). Recent trials have added data that suggest a protective effect of AP on risk of cancer. The estimated dietary intake of polyphenolic compounds varies widely depending upon methodology, consumption data, the combination of compounds (most commonly flavonoids) included in the analysis, and the food composition database used (6). Although further work needs to be done, it is intriguing that components in AP have the potential to modify genetic profiles in a potentially protective manner. These are described in the following section in the context of cardiovascular disease, although it is recognized that antioxidant effects are likely important in chemoprevention as well. Total daily intake (g/d) of hard fruits (apples and pears) was included in the analysis with a median follow-up time of 6.4 y. 63. Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solution 0.5%. Current guidelines recommend daily consumption of foods that are a good source of dietary fiber and low in energy density to promote healthy weight maintenance or weight loss. Shea et al. Based on this premise, a study was conducted in Brazil on 49 overweight women with high blood cholesterol levels to determine the effect of fruit intake on blood lipids and body weight (70). TheOutcast06 3 yr. ago. Very good resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and intergranular corrosion in various environments. (55) examined the effect of AP on the presence of asthma diagnosis and symptoms (defined as wheeze) in children in the UK. New data have suggested a possible link between AP consumption and reduced risk of diabetes. Blanching of apple puree, on the other hand, increased apple juice turbidity by increasing the amount of . More than 4000 flavonoids have been identified and all share a common carbon skeleton structure (C6-C3-C6). Because early lesions in the colon may progress to malignancy, the presence of premalignant hyperproliferative crypts and aberrant crypts are indicators of the potential pathogenesis of cancer in this model. A study conducted in Turkey included 15 elderly participants (mean age 72 y; 8 female, 7 male) who ate fresh apples at a daily dose of 2 g/kg for 1 mo (36). An anthocyanidin-rich fraction from each of the fruit extracts was also tested. Only 12.7% of the ingested compounds in cloudy apple juice reached the end of the intestine in unmetabolized form, whereas 22.3% were recovered as metabolites. These findings were consistent with prior data showing reduced coronary mortality in elderly Dutch men (6584 y) who consumed apples (average 69 g/d) compared to men who had little or no apple intake (35). There was also a 1.5-fold increase in SCFA in the fermented samples compared to nonfermented. As reviewed by Boyer and Liu (1), there were several reports prior to 2004 demonstrating that AP intake was associated with reduced risk of cancer, particularly lung cancer in cohort and case-control studies. Total polyphenol content determination The total polyphenol content of CHE extracts was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. 42. 1. Intake of fruits and vegetables is associated with improvement in bone mineral density and other bone markers in epidemiologic studies (73). Dina Spector. Several studies demonstrate that AP reduce cell proliferation, alter markers of the cell cycle, increase apoptotic mechanisms, and modulate signal transduction pathways. There have also been several studies that examined the potential of AP to reduce breast cancer risk. There was no statistical association between reduced asthma or asthma severity and any of the flavonoids examined, inferring that compounds other than those studied must be attributed to the observed reduction in risk of asthma. Physical and chemical properties of apple juice and apple juice The observations that AP intake might be associated with reduced risk of cancer have led to an expanded field of animal and in vitro work with cell models that mimic phases in the initiation, promotion, and progression of cancer. A small study of absorption in ileostomy patients showed that 66.9100% of ingested apple phenolics were absorbed or metabolized in the small intestine, implying that a range of 033% might reach the colon (25). James Kennedy. The reviewed studies do not prove cause and effect and further work remains to be done. In addition, apple intake was associated with reduction in SOD elevation in the hippocampus of aged rats, suggesting that apples provide antioxidant protection that mitigates the predicted compensatory elevation of enzymes associated with aging. 2.5. Tsao R, Yang R, Xie S, Sockovie E, Khanizadeh S, Chun OK, Kim D-O, Smith N, Schroeder D, Han J, Lee C, Sampson L, Rimm E, Hollman P, deVries J, Katan M, Hertog MG, Feskens E, Hollman P, Katan MB, Kromhout D, Veeriah S, Hofmann T, Glei M, Dietrich H, Will F, Schreier P, Knaup B, Pool-Zobel BL, Gallus S, Talamini R, Giacosa A, Montella M, Ramazzotti V, Franceschi S, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Linseisen J, Rohrmann S, Miller A, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita H, Bchner F, Vineis P, Agudo A, Gram I, Janson L, Krogh V, et al. Hyson, no conflicts of interest. In this study, 515 adults with diagnosed asthma were compared to 515 controls using dietary assessment by a 6-d food diary and 24-h recall. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. The composition of apples in relation to cider and vinegar production. An analysis of urinary samples collected postconsumption at 1.5, 3, and 4.5 h demonstrated that the fresh and processed apple meals each decreased 3-h net acid excretion and attenuated calcium loss to a similar extent compared to the control meal (73). The combined phytochemical and nutrient profiles in AP suggests their potential to be powerful in the prevention of several chronic conditions in humans. Does an apple a day keep the oncologist away? In addition, the extract downregulated several signal pathways involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, including PKC and enzymes involved in polyamine biosynthesis. The fresh peeled apple meal included 311 g of unpeeled apple plus a protein drink and 53 g of candy; the applesauce test meal included 877.5 g of unsweetened canned applesauce and a protein drink and the control meal included just the candy (108 g) and the protein drink. Chemical Composition of Natural and Polyphenol-free Apple Pomace and The purpose of the present review is to provide an updated summary and analysis of recent findings related to AP and associated compounds with a particular focus on their potential role(s) in disease risk and general human health. The physical and chemical characteristics determined were, fruit length and diameter, single fruit weight, juice percentage, total soluble solids (TSS), acidity. The cells were exposed to apple extracts, prepared from fresh fruit (assayed for total phenolic and flavonoid content) across several ranges from 0 to 60 g/L. Polyphenolic compounds account for the color, flavor, taste, and metabolic activity of plant-based foods as well as the putative health benefits to humans. Unprocessed pomace containing 61% of dietary fiber (DF) and 0.23% of polyphenols (PP) and ethanol- or ethanol/acetone-extracted pomaces containing 66% DF and 0.10% PP and 67% DF and 0.01% PP, respectively, were subjected to a 4 week study in rats. Fifteen apple cultivars grown in two locations in Norway were investigated for their chemical composition, including polyphenol profiles. Apples for direct consumption should be rich in biologically active compounds, such as ascorbic acid, and phenolic compounds, particularly flavanols, including catechins and proanthocyanidins. 3. PDF Chemical Composition, Nutritional Properties and Antioxidant Activity Ingredients in Popular Fruits Reveal Why the Name 'Chemical' Is Meaningless Collectively, these studies indicate that a relatively modest intake of apple is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and associated mortality. To address this issue, a recent study by Veeriah et al. More than 1400 adult participants in a case-control study of dietary antioxidants and asthma in the UK completed FFQ for assessment of daily intake of 3 major classes of flavonoids, including flavonols, flavones, and catechins. The apple peel extract was among the fruits that showed a significant dose-response reduction in cell proliferation in the HT29 but not the MCF-7 cells, the latter cell type being generally less responsive to extract exposure. Which polyphenolic compounds contribute to the total antioxidant activities of apple? The processes associated with aging and amplified in neurodegenerative diseases of aging are complex and not completely understood. Main conclusion The efficiency of suberized plant/environment interfaces as transpiration barriers is not established by the suberin polymer but by the wax molecules sorbed to the suberin polymer. There was a concurrent and dose-dependent increase in expression of Bax, a proapoptotic protein and downward expression of Bcl-2, an antiapoptotic protein. The characteristics that distinguish one substance from another are called properties. Alloy 28 is a high-alloy multi-purpose austenitic stainless steel for service in highly corrosive conditions. The prevalence of pulmonary disorders, particularly asthma, has been increasing over the past several decades worldwide (50). The aim of the study was assessing the advantages of dietary supplementation with the above pomaces. Colorectal or colon cancer, the 4th most common cancer and the 3rd most common cause of death in Western society (16), has been the focus of many investigations. Apple cider vinegar - Wikipedia The estrogen-negative cells exhibited a greater sensitivity to the apple extracts than the estrogen-responsive model. Because cholinergic depletion is associated with impaired memory and reduced cognitive performance, and acetylcholine reduction in particular is associated with Alzheimer's disease, there is potential importance in the ability of apple juice to maintain levels of this neurotransmitter. PDF chemical composition of apples Polyphenolic concentration of whole apples (freeze dried) and apple juice. In spite of the similar chemical composition between some extracts, the antioxidant capacity determined by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity differed, suggesting that there are unknown compounds accounting for the observed antioxidant effects of AP. Alloy 28 Heat treatment / Alloy 28 equivalent / Alloy 28 chemical A 2016 analysis from the PDP found that 80% of 531 apple samples contained residues of this chemical at 0.002-3.8 ppm, which is below the EPA's tolerance level of 10 ppm. The available data show preliminary but intriguing potential of AP to modulate some of these processes in animal models. The idea that there is a difference between "natural . (PDF) Chemical Composition of the Fruits of Several Apple Cultivars There was a 50% inhibition at a concentration of 45 g/mL and total inhibition at 70 g/mL. Chemical composition of apple fruits of eight cultivars Results as mean SEM of triplicate measurements. Typically, the greater values in the ranges shown for juices reflect the higher concentration of polyphenols in fresh juice prepared from cider apples and commercial preparations of cloudy juice compared to lower quantities in fresh juice made with dessert apple varieties or commercial juices that are clear. 1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties - Chemistry 2e | OpenStax What is the chemical composition for apple? - Quora >15% of a large apple) was associated with a 10% risk reduction. A new report using data from the French branch of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition trial provided evidence of a link between apple intake and reduced asthma prevalence in a sample of 68,535 adult women, mostly teachers, enrolled in a national health insurance plan (52). Approved as a medicinal fruit by the Chinese National Health and Wellness Commission [], hawthorn has higher dietary fiber, pectin, ascorbic acid, minerals, and antioxidant capacity than some common fruits [].Studies have confirmed that hawthorn is rich in amino acids (8 essential amino acids and 3-8 times more amino acids than fruit), protein (17 times . a compact disc. Identify each substance as a compound, an element, a heterogeneous mixture, or a homogeneous mixture (solution). II. Fermented apple juice extract had an antiproliferative effect in both cell lines, particularly in the LT97 cells, suggesting a greater effect on precancerous than cancer cells. The addition of apples as part of an average daily caloric intake of 2401 389 kcal resulted in a significant weight loss of 1.32 kg after 10 wk. Aroma Compounds and Their Odors In a 100 gram (ml) reference amount, it provides 22 calories, with negligible content of micronutrients. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Future studies, including well-conducted clinical trials using whole apple preparations and juice, are clearly warranted. Metastasis pattern and prognosis in children with neuroblastoma. A follow-up mechanistic study using a similar approach with polyphenol-rich apple extract was conducted to examine the effect of fermentation-generated SCFA on inhibition of histone deacetylase in 2 colon cancer cell lines, including HT29 and Caco-2 (26). [12] Ongoing work continues to further delineate multiple mechanisms by which AP might be protective and suggests great promise.