Some instruments called "lyres" were played with a bow in Europe and parts of the Middle East, namely the Arabic rebab and its descendants,[21] including the Byzantine lyra.[22]. In connection with secular events (Amos vi. kinnor, ancient Hebrew lyre, the musical instrument of King David. The use of these terms, in addition to such less definite Hebraisms as ne'imah ('melody'), shows that the scales and intervals of such prayer-motives have long been recognized and observed to differ characteristically from those of contemporary Gentile music, even if the principles underlying their employment have only quite recently been formulated. An additional crossbar, fixed to the sound-chest, makes the bridge, which transmits the vibrations of the strings. v. 12), and especially in the Temple service (Ps. From the name "nebel" it has been inferred that the shape of this instrument, or of its sounding-board, was similar to that of the bulging vessel of the same name in which wine was kept, or that the sounding-board was made of some animal membrane ( = "skin"). In order not to be followed, he made shoes for the cows which were facing backwards, making it appear that the animals had walked in the opposite direction. Unfortunately few definite statements can be made concerning the kind and the degree of the artistic development of music and psalm-singing. [4], The earliest reference to the word "lyre" is the Mycenaean Greek ru-ra-ta-e, meaning "lyrists" and written in the Linear B script. The large lyre was called hunzinar and the small one ippizinar in Hittite. The cultural peak of ancient Egypt, and thus the possible age of the earliest instruments of this type, predates the 5th century classic Greece. The instrument reached the height of its popularity in Ancient Egypt during the reign of Pharaoh Akhenaten (c. 13531336 B.C.E.). Within the synagogue the custom of singing soon re-emerged. Even among Western cantors, trained amid mensurate music on a contrapuntal basis, there is still a remarkable propensity to introduce the interval of the augmented second, especially between the third and second degrees of any scale in a descending cadence. Kinnor was mentioned 42 times in the Hebrew Bible, and historians say that kinnor was played even in temples in ancient Israel, B.C. Tanbra In Cairo, played by a Nubian, 1858. Rosewood, oak, ash, and other woods that have been bent and scarf joined together usually form the shell; however, some are also made of plywood or other man-made materials today. In this connection mention may be made of the alternating song of the seraphim in the Temple, when called upon by Isaiah (comp. Homer described two different western lyres in his writings, the phorminx and kitharis. However, both of terms have not had uniform meaning across time, and their use during Homer's time was later altered. Use Code HIVE25 For 25% Off Select Products! 5; Isa. There were two ways of tuning: one was to fasten the strings to pegs that might be turned, while the other was to change the placement of the string on the crossbar; it is likely that both expedients were used simultaneously. It was held in the right hand to set the upper strings in vibration; when not in use, it hung from the instrument by a ribbon. Today, the players commonly use a plastic or a bamboo plectrum to play the Oud. in Syria. Arabian ouds are typically larger than their Turkish and Persian counterparts, providing a richer, deeper sound. Apollo, following the trails, could not follow where the cows were going. [5] The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia also notes that the early church fathers agreed the kithara (kinnor) had its resonator in the lower parts of its body. A harp can be played with two hands. The cantor sang the piyyutim to melodies selected by their writer or by himself, thus introducing fixed melodies into synagogal music. The Oud has a very small neck and has no frets, which is the main difference from the lute. Although bagpipes can be found in many cultures, the Sumponyah is an essential instrument in Israeli culture. xxxiii. It resembles either a contemporary tambourine or a frame drum. Then shepherd pipes or chanters are attached to it to be able to blow in the bag and produce the holy sound. A doom, when the length of the fingers and palm are used to strike the center of the head it produces a deeper bass sound than when the hand is removed for an open sound. It commonly has 3 holes in the body. What is the 'ten stringed' instrument in Psalm 33, Psalm 92 and Psalm xxxiii. Next comes, from the first ten centuries, and probably taking shape only with the Jewish settlement in western and northern Europe, the cantillation of the Amidah referred to below, which was the first portion of the liturgy dedicated to a musical rendering, all that preceded it remaining unchanted. Classification of Musical Instruments: Sachs-Hornbostel There came to be two different kinds of bowed European lyres: those with fingerboards, and those without. [19] The remains of what is thought to be the bridge of a 2300-year-old lyre were discovered on the Isle of Skye, Scotland in 2010 making it Europe's oldest surviving piece of a stringed musical instrument. [1] [2] Detail of the "Peace" panel of the Standard of Ur showing lyrist, excavated from the same site as the Lyres of Ur. The earliest form of the instrument is found, together with the harp, in the above-mentioned illustration from Kuyunjik. [7] If this etymology is correct it may be relevant to the question of the shape of the instrument. It was played with a plectrum when accompanying singing or dancing but was apparently plucked with the fingers when used as a solo instrument. All rights reserved. Some of the cultures using and developing the lyre were the Aeolian and Ionian Greek colonies on the coasts of Asia (ancient Asia Minor, modern day Turkey) bordering the Lydian empire. Oud is interbedded with Arabic music and continues to have a big influence on Jewish culture. There is no clear evidence that non-Greco-Roman lyres were played exclusively with plectra, and numerous instruments regarded by some as modern lyres are played with bows. Apollo offered to trade the herd of cattle for the lyre. devotional songs; carnatic music. Here the instrument consists of a long, rectangular board, the upper half of which is cut out so as to form a kind of frame; and above this opening the strings, running parallel to one another, are strung lengthwise across the board. Music of South, Central and West Asia Shofar | Meaning, Horn, Worship, & Judaism | Britannica des Biblischen Altertums. _____ Jewish Lyre. This article is about the musical instrument. South and West Asian Music: India and Israel Music Jewish Lyre Instrument - Etsy The traditional penitential intonation transcribed in the article Ne'ilah with the piyyut "Darkeka" closely reproduces the music of a parallel species of medieval Latin verse, the metrical sequence "Missus Gabriel de Clis" by Adam of St. Victor (c. 1150) as given in the Graduale Romanum of Sarum. Finally, there is the tradition that the nebel, unlike the kinnor, was an instrument that stood upright. Some have no formal musical education, and sing mainly pre-arranged songs. [original research?] The number of strings on the classical lyre therefore varied, with three, four, six, seven, eight and ten having been popular at various times. David, the shepherd-boy, was a noted player (I Sam. It was first brought to Europe in the 12th century, and from the 14th through the 16th, it was known as a Psaltery or Zither in its European form. Probably the unison of the singing of Psalms was the accord of two voices an octave apart. A classical lyre has a hollow body or sound-chest (also known as soundbox or resonator), which, in ancient Greek tradition, was made out of turtle shell. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. It was introduced into Europe in the 7th century, then rapidly developed. [1] : 440 It has been referred to as the "national instrument" of the Jewish people, [2] and modern luthiers have created reproduction lyres of the kinnor based on this imagery. Shophar 6. Systems of Transliteration Citation of Proper Names. It was with the piyyutim (liturgical poems) that Jewish music began to crystallize into definite form. The kinnor of the Bible. [1], While flat-based lyres originated in the East, they were also later found in the West after 700 BCE. Its invention is ascribed to Jubal (Gen. iv. The Goblet drum is a great heritage instrument from Mesopotamian and Ancient Egyptian history and is also an inevitable part of Israeli musical instruments and culture. [9], There is evidence of the development of many forms of lyres from the period 2700 B.C.E through 700 B.C.E. x. 22). In contrast, the latter may refer to a tambourine with bells or jangles fastened at regular intervals in hoops. Although Josephus mentions twelve strings, it must be remembered that the instrument underwent various changes of form in the course of time. From the entrails and a tortoise/turtle shell, he created the Lyre. The thin lyre is the only one of the ancient eastern lyres that is still used in instrument design today among current practitioners of the instrument. A giant lyre found in the ancient city of Susa (c2500 BCE) is suspected to have been played by only a single instrumentalist, and giant lyres in Egypt dating from the Hellenistic period most likely also required only a single player. As Niebuhr points out, the melodies are earnest and simple, and the singers must make every word intelligible. This explains the remark in II Chronicles 5:13 that at the dedication of the Temple the playing of the instruments, the singing of the Psalms, and the blare of the trumpets sounded as one sound. Lyre - Wikipedia : 8 Intriguing Early Musical Instruments. One is mentioned in only one book of the Bible (Dan. The lyrics of these songs are generally English with some Hebrew or Yiddish phrases. 11; A. V. "almug"). The last of the bowed lyres with a fingerboard was the "modern" (c.14851800) Welsh crwth. Michael Levy - Composer for Lyre - The Biblical Kinnor The Goblet drum generates two distinct tones. It is a style of florid melodious intonation which requires the exercise of vocal agility. This free intonation is not, as with the Scriptural texts, designated by any system of accents, but consists of a melodious development of certain themes or motives traditionally associated with the individual service, and therefore termed here prayer-motives. 9). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. 27; I Sam. Tambourine 10. Contrary to the colloquial name, the Jew's harp most likely originated in Siberia, specifically in or around the Altai Mountains and has no relation to the Jewish people.. Jew's harps may be categorized as idioglot or . ", This page was last edited on 31 March 2023, at 17:06. Apollo, figuring out it was Hermes who had his cows, confronted the young god. Next to the passages of Scripture recited in cantillation, the most ancient and still the most important section of the Jewish liturgy is the sequence of benedictions which is known as the Amidah ('standing prayer'), being the section which in the ritual of the Dispersion more immediately takes the place of the sacrifice offered in the ritual of the Temple on the corresponding occasion. The prayer-motives, being themselves definite in tune and well recognized in tradition, preserve the homogeneity of the service through the innumerable variations induced by impulse or intention, by energy or fatigue, by gladness or depression, and by every other mental and physical sensation of the precentor which can affect his artistic feeling (see table). [6], According to ancient Greek mythology, the young god Hermes stole a herd of sacred cows from Apollo. In later years, the practice became to allow singing for feasts celebrating religious life-cycle events such as weddings, and over time the formal ban against singing and performing music lost its force altogether, with the exception of the Yemenite Jews. Parents may choose to limit their children's exposure to music produced by those other than Orthodox Jews, so that they are less likely to become influenced by many of the more, in the parents' eyes, harmful outside ideas and fashions. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The word zinar is probably Hattic. Their chants and other set melodies largely consist of very short phrases often repeated, just as Perso-Arab melody so often does; and their congregational airs usually preserve a Morisco or other Peninsular character. [5] In classical Greek, the word "lyre" could either refer specifically to an amateur instrument, which is a smaller version of the professional cithara and eastern-Aegean barbiton, or "lyre" can refer generally to all three instruments as a family. [1]:440 The kinnor is also the first string instrument to be mentioned in the Bible, appearing in Genesis 4:21. The body of the instrument was generally made of cypress (II Sam. Found on a Hittlte tablet from. [1]:442 Like the nevel, the kinnor likely consisted of a soundboard with two arms extending parallel to the body, with the arms crossed by a yoke from which the strings extend down to the body. This is associated with a secondary phrase, somewhat after the tendency which led to the framing of the binary form in European classical music. This articleincorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}Singer, Isidore; etal., eds. xxvi. The second sound is referred to as the tak, which is a higher-pitched noise made by tapping the heads edge with the fingertips. holds that many modern stringed instruments are late-emerging examples of the lyre class. One of the earliest uses of the Shofar is to announce the Jubilee year and the new moon. [4], Josephus describes the kinnor as having 10 strings, made from a sheep's small intestine,[1]:442 and played with a plectrum (pick),[1]:441 though the Book of Samuel notes that David played the kinnor "with his hand". After the bow made its way into Europe from the Middle-East, it was applied to several species of those lyres that were small enough to make bowing practical. [7][17] Extending from this sound-chest are two raised arms, which are sometimes hollow, and are curved both outward and forward. Identification [ edit] It is a string instrument, played by plucking and pulling at the strings with fingers just like a harp. The precentor will accommodate the motive to the structure of the sentence he is reciting by the judicious use of the reciting-note, varied by melismatic ornament. The harmonics of the shofar vary from one to another. At the time, a consensus developed that all music and singing would be banned; this was codified as a rule by some early Jewish rabbinic authorities. LyreTwo Hebrew terms are translated as lyre. Medieval writers often mistakenly called it a harp. ; Cheyne and Black, Encyc. [6]:43 The Mishna states that the minimum number of kinnor to be played in the Temple is nine, with no maximum limit. Israeli music offers a lot for ethnic music enthusiasts. However, there are various tuning traditions in different cultures. krti. [6], Lyres were used without a fingerboard, no Greek description or representation having ever been met with that can be construed as referring to one. Across this frame are stretched strings decreasing in length from the center to the sides. The same instrument is again found in its primitive form on an Assyrian relief, here also played by Semitic prisoners, from the western districts. The nevel or nebel ( Hebrew: nel) was a stringed instrument used by the Israelites. In organology, a lyre is considered a yoke lute, since it is a lute in which the strings are attached to a yoke that lies in the same plane as the sound table, and consists of two arms and a crossbar. 8; Ezek. The player holds the instrument in a horizontal position against his chest, and touches the strings with his left hand, while his right holds a little stick serving as a plectrum. iii. They initially contained only round rather than flat bases; but by the Hellenistic period both constructs of lyre could be found in these regions. Kinnor | musical instrument | Britannica Lyra or barbitos from the Tomb of the Diver. The underlying principle may be the specific allotment in Jewish worship of a particular mode to each sacred occasion, because of some esthetic appropriateness felt to underlie the association. Amos 6:5 and Isaiah 5:12 show that the feasts immediately following sacrifices were very often attended with music, and from Amos 5:23 it may be gathered that songs had already become a part of the regular service. Psalm 33:2 (ESV) . (19011906). 176) calls attention to the fact that in the Orient it is still the custom for a precentor to sing one strophe, which is repeated three, four, or five tones lower by the other singers. By doubling the tetrachord a lyre with seven or eight strings was obtained. They are commonly tuned on single string courses like this: D2-G2-A2-D3-G3-C4 (low to high). Played from a standing position, the instrument stood taller than the instrumentalists. Kinnors are mostly small, and musicians use one of their hands to hold it on their lap and the other to play it, which is different than a harp. cxliv. A large body of music produced by Orthodox Jews for children is geared toward teaching religious and ethical traditions and laws. The "lyre of Har Megiddo" is an instrument etched onto an ivory plaque that was discovered by archaeologist Gordon Loud in the excavations of a royal palace . The eastern lyres all contain sound boxes with flat bases. Although there are many sacred instruments in Israel, the kinnor is the main temple instrument of Israel and Jewish culture. The instrument was subsequently introduced into Egypt, where it was modified in form. After the destruction of the Temple and the subsequent diaspora of the Jewish people, there was a feeling of great loss among the people. The Sumponyah, which later became the Calabrian Zampogna, is one of the oldest instruments in the world. A flat board in the shape of a trapezoid serves as the foundation of the Qanun, where 81 strings are stretched in groups of three to create 24 treble chords with three chords per note. This type of music usually consists of the same formulaic mix. Kinnor was mentioned 42 times in the Hebrew Bible, and historians say that kinnor was played even in temples in ancient Israel, B.C. Musicians stand in attendance upon Lord (Mar): a player of the bass lyre (nevel), a player of the lyre (kinnor)." 2 To learn more about ancient music and enactments of Biblical psalms, read the full Archaeological Views column "Performing Psalms in Biblical Times" by Thomas Staubli in the January/February 2018 issue of Biblical . 5); here also in accompaniment to songs of praise and thanksgiving (I Chron. Regarding Israels geographical position, Israel has a wide range of musical instruments that are commonly used in Middle Eastern traditions and cultures. Probably a lyre. The Vocal EQ Chart (Vocal Frequency Ranges + EQ Tips), EQ Before Or After Compression? Here the participation of the congregants has tended to a more general uniformity, and has largely reduced the intonation to a chant around the dominant, or fifth degree of the scale, as if it were a derivation from the Ashkenazic daily morning theme (see below), but ending with a descent to the major third. [1], Eastern lyres, also known as flat-based lyres, are lyres which originated in the Fertile Crescent (Mesoptamia) in what is present day Syria, Anatolia, the Levant and Egypt. 1043 et seq. Shabbat morning and weekday evening motives are especially affected by this survival, which also frequently induces the Polish azzanim to modify similarly the diatonic intervals of the other prayer-motives. The lyre has its origins in ancient history. INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC OF INDIA. cxiii. The Sistrum comprises a handle and a U-shaped metal frame between 30 and 76 cm wide and is made of brass or bronze. According to the Roman Jewish historian Josephus (1st century ad ), it resembled the Greek kithara ( i.e., having broad arms of a piece with the boxlike neck), and kinnor was translated as "kithara" in both the Greek Old Testament and the Latin Bible. (1 Samuel 16:16, 23) Scholars have at least 30 representations of the lyre from depictions found on ancient rock walls, coins, mosaics, plaques, and seals. xxiv. pp. This is a ancient traditional Jewish musical instrument, nowadays with it`s playing being renewed in Shabbat services among some Jewish communities around the world. This order closely agrees with that in which the successive tones and styles still preserved for these elements came into use among the Gentile neighbors of the Jews who utilized them. It was developed in 1914 by two European musicologists, despite their own fears that such a systematic system was nearly impossible. Other sources credit it to Apollo himself.[18]. he transl. After this, examples of the thin lyre can be found throughout the Fertile Crescent. These songs are composed from within one pool of composers and one pool of arrangers. the first true Hebrew rendering of this musical . The kinnor is generally agreed to be a stringed instrument, and thus the stringed instrument most commonly mentioned in the Old Testament. All the tonalities are distinct. The kinnor and nebel are often mentioned together. [1] This lyre served as the origin of the European lyre known as the Germanic lyre or rotte that was widely used in north-western Europe from pre-Christian to medieval times. CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS IN INDIA 1. 10 Most Popular Hebrew Musical Instruments - Loud Beats Attention has frequently been drawn to the resemblances in manner and even in some points of detail between the chants of the muezzin and of the reader of the Qur'an with much of the hazzanut, not alone of the Sephardim, who passed so many centuries in Arab lands, but also of the Ashkenazim, equally long located far away in northern Europe. As in the case of all instrumental music among the Hebrews, they were used principally as an accompaniment to the voice (see Music). By ancient tradition, from the days when the Jews who passed the Middle Ages in Teutonic lands were still under the same tonal influences as the peoples in southeastern Europe and Asia Minor yet are, chromatic scales (i.e., those showing some successive intervals greater than two semitones) have been preserved. A shell is a circular wooden frame over which the drumhead is stretched. The music may have preserved a few phrases in the reading of scripture which recalled songs from the Temple itself; but generally it echoed the tones which the Jew of each age and country heard around him, not merely in the actual borrowing of tunes, but more in the tonality on which the local music was based. The prayers he continued to recite as he had heard his predecessors recite them; but in moments of inspiration he would give utterance to a phrase of unusual beauty, which, caught up by the congregants. They have been found at archaeological sites in Egypt, Syria, Anatolia, and the Levant. The earliest synagogal music was based on the same system as that used in the Temple in Jerusalem. Music and Instruments of the Bible xii. The earliest known example of the thin lyre dates to c. 2500 B.C.E. Others moonlight in kollel study or at Jewish organizations. Historically, Kinnors are known as the origins of the lyres that we see different versions of it in almost every culture today. v. 12; Ps. 16; II Chron. Jerome's statement that the nebel had the delta form () argues in favor of a harp-like instrument, as does also the statement of Josephus ("Ant." The earliest picture of a Greek lyre appears in the famous sarcophagus of Hagia Triada (a Minoan settlement in Crete). The term sometimes referred generically to stringed instruments. Your email address will not be published. Like the flat-based Eastern lyres, the round-based lyre also originated in northern Syria and southern Anatolia in the 3rd millennium BCE. One etymology of Kinneret, the Hebrew name of the Sea of Galilee, is that it derives from kinnor, on account of the shape of the lake resembling that of the instrument. Instruments were used on joyous occasions, such as banquets and festive processions (Gen. xxxi. Throughout the musical history of the synagogue a particular mode or scale-form has long been traditionally associated with a particular service. Jew's harp The harmonics of the shofar vary from one to another. The second sound is referred to as the, It was first brought to Europe in the 12th century, and from the 14th through the 16th, it was known as a P. The Sumponyah, which later became the Calabrian Zampogna, Although there are many sacred instruments in Israel, the kinnor. It was their constant practice to represent the strings as being damped by the fingers of the left hand of the player, after having been struck by the plectrum held in the right hand. There are diverse shapes of shofars made from horns of different sheep species, and their finishes may have been differently made. 7 Tips To Make an 808 Kick Sound Better & Cut Through The Mix. A pick called a plectrum was held in one hand, while the fingers of the free hand silenced the unwanted strings. 5:6, 5; comp. [1], Thin lyres are a type of flat-based eastern lyre with a thinner soundbox where the sound hole is created by leaving the base of the resonator open.
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